Four Causes And The Problem Of Change

Four Causes And The Problem Of Change Once a buffalo entered a field and began to destroy it. Suddenly the owner of the field saw it, took the stick, and hit the buffalo. The buffalo ran away from the field. Here we see two actions taking place, firstly the owner hitting the buffalo, which we can call as the cause and the second action is the buffalo running away from the field, which we can call the effect. Therefore, there is a clear relationship between these two actions or events. The word cause gives us the clear meaning that anything responsible for change, motion, or action,  [1]  as we saw in the above action. There are many philosophers who spoke about the cause especially Aristotle. He explains what cause is. Why there are causes? In order to make us understand He wrote about four important causes because, whatever he saw on the earth he began to question why? Therefore, the outcome of this question is the theory of causality and the problem of change. In this assignment, I would like to go in depth into Ar istotles theory of four causes and the problem of change. Because in this universe the Non- livings and the livings do not remain the same; rather they change in anything and everything. Aristotles theory of four causes and the problem of change As we know, Aristotle is one of the great Greek philosophers. He studied under Plato. He has written many books on many subjects. He is a father of many subjects like logic, political science, etc. Aristotle was convinced about his ideas and thoughts that is why he did not agree with some of the ideas of his guru and even with the other philosophers like Parmenides arguments. Plato believed in the world of ideas, for him the idea and the form were real. However, For Aristotle the individual things were real, he believed in the world of reality. Since he believed in the world of reality, he saw on this earth many beings so he called them as substances. Aristotle says, The substance is a unity of form and matter. Substances undergo two types of changes: accidental and radical.  [2]  Since he spoke about changes, there was a clash between Parmenides and Aristotle. The Greek philosopher Parmenides said, Reality is one and stable,  [3]  that means there cannot be any change. In other words, In reality there is no change at all; all change is mere appearance; because reality is one, which is unchanging.  [4]  Because Parmenides believed that there are only two possibilities, they are being and non-being. According to Parmenides if there is something then only something comes out and if there is nothing how can you expect something? The problem was that later he said that from being no being comes because He has no idea of potentiality in being. However, Aristotle says, every being has potentiality therefore there is change in everything. Since Aristotle said about the change, he had to bring out the proper arguments. Therefore, He began to explain by giving theory of four causes and the problem of change. Aristotle begins his arguments by saying that If something comes to be it must be rooted in something. It cannot be rooted in nothing. But also it cannot be rooted in itself. So it must be rooted in a potentiality that something has for a range of (opposite, contrary) properties.  [5]  What he says is true because nothing can come from nothing rather. For example if you have an apple then only you can cut it and give it to others if we do not have how can we think of giving to others. Similarly, if we want something to come then there has to be something. A something that exists he calls them as substance. This substance under goes two types of changes as I mentioned earlier. He calls them as accidental change. In this type, a sculptor goes to sculpt a statue from a marble; there he realizes that inside that marble the statue exists. From this incident, Aristotle discovers the concept of potency. The word potency means the ability or the power. For instance, the marble has the po tency to become a statue. Finally, he concludes by saying every being has the potency to change. He calls another change as the substantial change. In which an animal is dead and the other animal eats the dead animal here substance turns to something different which is not the same. Finally, with these incidents Aristotle comes to conclusion that the substance undergoes changes. These substances are functioned by four causes. Now let us see the theory of the four causes by Aristotle. The material cause: material cause deals with whatness of the substance. In other words, what an object or matter consists is a material cause. Every substance or object under goes a change, that receives a new form or a new look. We can take an example a carpenter makes a table out of wood. This we can call as an accidental change. We can take an another example a jack fruit is fallen down and a monkey begins to eat now the jack fruit is no more a jack fruit rather it is a part of that monkey. This kind of change we can call as a substantial change because the substance loses its original form and becomes something else; this is very common in this world because every day the animals, plants etc die, they become different forms. Therefore, this kind of change we can call as a material cause. I personally understand material cause as, in this universe whatever that exists has the matter and the form. The thing what it is I would call it as the material cause. Even when a new thing co mes out and that new thing has identified by what it is therefore I would agree with Aristotle. The formal cause: In this cause, the word formal itself gives us the idea of a form. As we read in the beginning there is no matter without form and no form without matter. Any wood is a substance and it is made of matter and the form. For example a brick, when a man makes the brick by giving the proper shape to it then only it becomes as a brick and secondly he has the idea of the brick in his mind therefore he makes the brick. According to the formal cause, the word form itself gives us the idea, that which exists should have the form. So similarly, a person has the idea of a brick in his mind and makes the brick. When the same bricks have arranged in proper order to build a house it has called as the formal cause. If a builder uses the bricks however he wants the wall will not rise and even if it rises it collapses. Similarly, if the librarian does not arrange the books in proper order then it will be something else but if the librarian arranges the books in the cupboard then it t akes a better look and the shape. It has called as the formal cause. Finally, I want to say in simple words that the idea or the imagination that the maker has in his mind, the characteristics of the object that the maker or the designer gives to a thing can be called as the formal cause. The Efficient cause: the efficient cause is the effort and the work of the designer or the agent, which changes the object. It means how the designer plans and what are the instruments he uses, how much hard he works counted in the efficient cause. So the efficient cause begins with the agent or the designer. In other words, that from which the change or the freedom from change first begins, e.g. the adviser is a cause of the action, and the father a cause of the child.  [6]  I would like to explain it through an example. I am going to a pond and collecting some clay and I prepare a beautiful statue. Here my effort and the force, which I used to make the statue, is the reason for the efficient cause. In this example, I have an idea of a statue and since I have an idea, I make the statue. It is because of my effort and hard work that a new statue comes to existence. I would say that it is an important cause because of this cause; a new thing comes to exist. The final cause: the final cause is an important cause in which a new thing exists. Here a question arises why the agent or the designer made this thing for example the same story of mine making a pot out of clay. I make the pot because I wanted to keep it in my house in order to make use of cooking and to keep water in it. Similarly, a carpenter makes chair in order to sit on the chair. I walk everyday because it is necessary for my health so the final cause is the purpose for which the change takes place. Therefore, there is a clear connection between all these four causes. These are the four causes of Aristotle. Later another great Christian philosopher Thomas Aquinas adds one more cause to these four causes. Which is called as an exemplary cause. Exemplary causality is the casual influence exercised by a model or an exemplar on the operation.  [7]  If I take the same example of the clay and the statue here, first I have an idea in my mind therefore I make the statue. This idea in the mind we can call as the exemplary cause. However, it may have the same resemblance of the other causes but it deals with the idea. It guides the inner intellect. Aristotles causes were mainly on actuality but Aquinass cause is on potentiality and actuality that means on idea and the actual factor. Since Aristotle also dealt about this, Aquinas gives more importance on idea, which he calls as essence. Since he added to the theory of Aristotle on existence and essence, Aristotles theory took a better form and got more value than earlier. Finally, Aristotle concludes his theory of four causes by saying there is cause and effect, everything under goes a change. As I mentioned in the beginning Aristotle saw everything that exists and asked why these are in this way. This made him to find out why everything changes in this world. Finally, when he finds out the reasons for change he concludes by saying that there must be somebody who is a supreme mover and the cause for a change. Because according to his theory if there is a watch there must be a designer or the Watchmaker, similarly when there is a change in everything there must be someone who is a cause maker. Aristotle calls him as a prime mover. He also believes that the prime mover is the final cause and he is unchangeable, because he has no form. For Aristotle the prime mover is divine. After long arguments and disagreements with other philosophers Aristotle says, in the universe everything changes. The whole universe depends on the prime mover and he is cause for all the changes, which take place. He is the ultimate cause or the prime mover. Aristotle calls him as a supreme being or the supreme mover but the great Christian philosopher Thomas Aquinas calls him as a God. I too agree with Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle because both believe in the divinity. Since I believe that if I have something then must be a creator of that so when I say this universe exists it is sure that the creator of the universe exists. I also agree that in this universe everything changes. God is the prime mover. Conclusion I would conclude by saying that the four causes of Aristotle and the other one cause by Thomas Aquinas are the main reasons, which affects an object. The five causes play an important role in everything that exists in the universe. All these causes linked to each other. Each and everything that exists on this universe has a purpose that is why all the causes explain to us the existence of the beings. These beings undergo a change. God is the ultimate change maker or the beginner of all the causes.

Report on Consumer Behavior of Soft Drinks Essay

Need for the study With the economic liberalization in India a number of global companies have been coming forward to invest in India and tapping perhaps and world’s biggest growing market. As the floodgates have been opened up for Multinational Companies, the global giant Coca-cola also decided to make an entry into the Indian market. In India, the per capita consumption of soft drinks is at rock bottom level even less than our neighboring countries Pakistan and Bangladesh, where it is four times as much. The last summer was particularly sweltering one, with temperatures hitting the high 40’s in some places yet; bottles were disappearing from shelves faster than they could be replaced. In the peak season, they found themselves short of capacity and having to turn around their trucks faster and faster to slake the greater Indian thirst. With growth rates zooming into the double digits, bottlers have been propelled into expanding capacities. With their big-time plans, the multinationals have changed the face of this business, long dominated by small-time businessmen. If demand continues to increase annually at an average of 20 percent, then volumes could reach one billion cases within ten years. 4 These arc ambitious targets and to reach them the cola makers will have to build capacity, infrastructure, make their bottlers more available and more affordable. There are 5. 00,000 retailers stocking soft drinks in India. Also, soft drinks which retail at any where between Rs. 9. 00 and Rs. 12. 00 are expensive when measured against purchasing power. As they concoct their strategies, keeping an eye on each other all the time, ultimately there’s only one guy they have to watch out for, who will determine their fortunes: the consumer. The real race to quench his thirst has just begun 5 Objectives of the studyTo study about the consumer preference with regard to soft drink To study about the consumer perception with regard Coca — Cola To understand the Promotional Strategies To find out the medium which is most effective in reaching the consumers? 6 Research methodology Data will be collected from a sample size 1000 and distributed over different areas by using simple Random Sampling. Random Sampling consists of 1. Demographic Segmentation 2. Sociocultural Segmentation 3. Use-Related Segmentation 4. Use-Situation Segmentation Analysis 1. Data Analysis is done both qualitatively and quantitatively. 2. The analysis is presented pictographically using bar graphs The period of the study is past one year 7 Scope of the study The new economic policies of the Govt. of India adopted in the mid eighties were given further impetus by the early nineties. The Indian market has undergone considerable changed as a direct consequence of many of these policies and soft drink industry is no exception to this. Keeping the above – mentioned perspective in the background, the researcher has selected soft drink market, since the marketing task his became more challenging and intensive competition has opened up new vistas. Companies are evolving marketing strategies by studying the demands of the market place increasingly penetrating into appropriate market segments introducing differentiated products to improve their market share. The soft drink market has achieved an accelerated growth in the past decade. Soft drinks include ail types of non – alcohol carbonated flavored or otherwise sweetened beverages. The entry of Pepsi and the reentry of Coca – Cola in the India market arc inevitably facing stiff competition but the ultimate winner is customer/consumer. This has led the researcher to study me perception of consumers towards different brands of soft drinks and to gauge out the 8 promotional strategic being adopted by the marketers to lure promiscuous buyers and win a larger share in the markets.

Details of Good Persuasive Essay Topics for 5th Graders

Details of Good Persuasive Essay Topics for 5th Graders You could also see synthesis essay. The theory behind a persuasive essay is to assist the student pass their ideas through the audience. The body of your essay needs to be supported by research evidence you could gather. Although it isn't recommended, paraphrasing the quote in your essay is an excellent approach to hold up your argument. The most effective persuasive short essays often concentrate on controversial problems. A number of the essay topics below may appear to contain subjects that don't have anything in common. Most academic essay topics usually ask you to select a side in an argument or maybe to defend a specific side against criticism. Furthermore, the persuasive essay topics ought to be connected with some modern issue to provide the impression of freshness and actual info. The absolute most important role of the introductory paragraph, nevertheless, is to present a very clear statement of the paper's argument. Such a paragraph might incorporate a concise overview of the ideas to be discussed in body of the paper together with other information related to your paper's argument. The introductory paragraph is perhaps the most crucial paragraph in the essay as it is the initial and possibly last opportunity to produce an effect on the reader. Nowadays it's quite difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. If you discover that the writer did not provide just what you expected, request a revision, and we'll make the corrections. As soon as you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin searching for an appropriate writer for your paper. Start researching, and begin writing! The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the vast majority of our clients require is essay writing. If it's the very first time you're likely to use our article writing service, you most likely have plenty of questions. Use the aid of true academic experts and receive the service you have earned! Tell our experts what sort of homework help on the internet you will need to get. You might produce some rather interesting ideas. There are many intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. You are going to need a strong argument if you would like to get a person to agree with your opinion when you compose an essay. Without a thesis, it's impossible that you present a productive argument. The Foolproof Good Persuasive Essay Topics for 5th Graders Strategy Persuasive writing can be challenging, especially whenever you're made to face with a close-minded audience. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. You could also see essay examples. An excessive amount of money isn't a good thing. Your work is to choose whether or not there ought to be a particular age when kids are given access to a smartphone. Imagine your elderly neighbor is out at 3 a.m. each night, digging inside her flower garden. Persuade your sister or brother that will help you talk your parents into something you would like to do. Year round school isn't a good idea. You've got an idea to enhance your school. Your class is likely to devote a day cleaning up at a neighborhood park. The school day ought to be shorter. Good Persuasive Essay Topics for 5th Graders Help! You could also see literacy essay. You can also see analytical essay. You can also see descriptive essay. You could also see informative essay. Kids need to be able to vote. Cigarettes need to be more expensive. Parents of bullies should need to pay a fine.

Black Supremacy Essay - 1292 Words

Black Supremacy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout history, white anglo-saxons have been notorious for mistreating all races other than its own. Malcolm X felt quot;the white man had been actually nothing but a piratical opportunist who used Faustian machinations to make his own Christianity his initial wedge in criminal conquestsquot;(563). The earth is burdened by the white man! That is the true meaning of what Malcolm X is stating; the words Faustian machinations, meaning evil plotting, implies the whole white population is out for the blood of other races. Many members of the black race are adopting the idea of Afrocentricity; some call it black pride, I call it black supremacy. Afrocentricists are supporting their ideas†¦show more content†¦Oh yeah, its to get back at the white race for all the years of hardship. The black race was called infidels for many years, and the black supremists just believe what goes around comes around. However, the truth to the matter is that all races are equally imperfect as the next statement will show. The Afrocentric religion goes on to state how the white race was formed, apparently, a quot;black scientist named Yakub rebelled against Allah by producing...a new creature with an excess of bad(white) genes...These evil creatures were alloted...six thousand years of rule (i.e., until almost the present day), after which...the oppressed blacks will be liberated from their bondagequot;(Davies 51). Note the use of words in this passage: new creature, bad(white) genes, evil creature, and once again the reoccurring oppressed blacks will be liberated. All the words directs ones attention to the idea that the white race is nothing more than devils roaming the earth in search of its next prey. The black supremists are making the same arguments that the early whites made and are being reprimanded for. It seems this is a bit of a contradiction. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Down with the white race! Feelings towards the white race are made apparent when quot;Elijah [Muhammad] felt that evil was inherent in the white race, and preached that the whites could not help themselves,quot; Molifi Asante adds quot;we know now, of course,Show MoreRelatedSouthern White Supremacy and Black Civil Rights 1863-1877 Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pages America’s blacks enjoyed a period of relative respite during the years 1863-1877. With slavery abolished, the South underwent reconstruction within every component of its unsteady structure. However, one must measure the success of this reconstruction with the criteria of political, social and economic changes in mind. 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